8.23.2 United Kingdom – Boundary review.5 Use of databases and computer technology.
4.6.1 Minimum district to convex polygon ratio.4.6 Objective rules to create districts.4.2 Redistricting by partisan competition.4.1 Redistricting by neutral or cross-party agency.4 Changes to achieve competitive elections.3.2 Increased incumbent advantage and campaign costs.The resulting district is known as a gerrymander ( / ˈ dʒ ɛr i ˌ m æ n d ər, ˈ ɡ ɛr i-/). The term has negative connotations and gerrymandering is almost always considered a corruption of the democratic process. The term gerrymandering is named after American politician Elbridge Gerry, Vice President of the United States at the time of his death, who, as Governor of Massachusetts in 1812, signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a mythological salamander. Wayne Dawkins describes it as politicians picking their voters instead of voters picking their politicians. Gerrymandering can also be used to protect incumbents. In addition to its use achieving desired electoral results for a particular party, gerrymandering may be used to help or hinder a particular demographic, such as a political, ethnic, racial, linguistic, religious, or class group, such as in Northern Ireland, where boundaries were constructed to guarantee Protestant Unionist majorities. The manipulation may consist of "cracking" (diluting the voting power of the opposing party's supporters across many districts) or "packing" (concentrating the opposing party's voting power in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts). In representative democracies, gerrymandering ( / ˈ dʒ ɛ r i m æ n d ər ɪ ŋ/, originally / ˈ ɡ ɛr i m æ n d ər ɪ ŋ/) is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries with the intent of creating undue advantage for a party, group, or socio-economic class within the constituency.
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